Two-stage backward: moe_mixture_backward computes de_k = g · dh_s2 in one kernel; moe_dgate_reduce computes dg via shmem reduction over c. FD test verifies analytic backward matches numerical for B=2, K=4, C=32 within 1e-3 tolerance (perturbation 1e-3). All test data flows via mapped pinned buffers (no HtoD/HtoH). Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>